Electrical well logging system



Nov. 11, 1952 H. C. WATERS ELECTRICAL WELL LOGGING SYSTEM Filed Feb. 10, 1950 INVENTOR.

Henry Clay Wafers,

cw Z y ATTORNEY.

Patented Nov. 11, 1952 ELECTRICAL WELL LOGGING SYSTEM Henry Clay Waters, Houston, Tex., assignor to Perforating Guns Atlas Corporation, Houston, Tex., a corporation of Delaware Application February 10, 1950, Serial No. 143,449

12 Claims.

This invention relates to an electrical system for logging oil wells or the like and more particularly to a system especially arranged to employ a three conductor cable in making resistivity and potential curves or logs of wells.

At the present time most electrical logs of oil wells are made with a cable having six conductors. It has long been realized that a cable having so many conductors is disadvantageous in that it is heavy and expensive, subject to short circuiting and not accurate for depth measurements in a well because of stretch. To overcome these disadvantages, it has heretofore been proposed to log wells with a single conductor cable. Single conductor systems have met with commercial success, but while they obviate the disadvantages of a multiple conductor system, they introduce complications in another respect, for they are inherently very complicated electrically and require the exercise of great skill and caution to keep them in working order.

In accordance with the present invention, it is proposed to devise an electrical logging system which might be said to be midway between the two extremes mentioned above. A three conductor cable is employed and the electrical system is so constructed as to be simple and rugged and yet obtain a number of logs or curves while making one round trip with the electrodes in the borehole.

A three conductor cable lends itself well to laying and insulating. Moreover, it is very strong and has a minimum of stretch. These facts have long been known in the art but no one heretofore has taken advantage of them in electrical logging systems simultaneously making multiple resistivity and potential curves. The system of the present invention is especially arranged to do so.

In the electrical logging of wells, it is desirable to obtain as many curves as possible giving resistivity values at varying penetrations into the formations traversed by the borehole. It is also desirable to obtain simultaneously with the various resistivity curves, a curve showing variations in natural earth potential. Means is provided, in accordance with the present invention, for making two resistivity curves of different penetration simultaneously with a natural potential curve when the logging tool is moving in one direction in the borehole. Suitable switching means is also provided so that two resistivity curves differing from those first made, may be made simultaneously with a potential curve when the logging tool is moving in the opposite direction.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method and apparatus for obtaining indications of the earth resistivity and natural potential of earth formations traversed by a borehole which is characterized by simplicity, flexibility, and accuracy of operation.

A further object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus of the above character in which indications of variations in electrical resistivity at two different distances of penetration or investigation are transmitted to the surface of the earth in the form of slowly changing direct current values simultaneously with the transmission of the natural D. C. potential of the earth as exists between a moving electrode in the hole and a fixed reference electrode at the surface.

Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved method and apparatus employing a three conductor electrical circuit extending from the surface of the earth to investigation apparatus in the borehole for simultaneously investigating three different subjects of interest therein in which electrical responses are obtained at the surface which are related to changes in the respective subjects of interest being investigated. For example, three resistivity curves may be made simultaneously or two resistivity curves and a natural potential curve may be made simultaneously.

A further object of the invention is to provide a novel circuit arrangement and apparatus whereby the mutual inductive and capacity coupling between cable conductors, and the insulation leakage from cable conductors to sheath will have practically no effect on the magnitude and character of the transmitted signals.

Still another object is to provide a novel cali brating circuit for an electrical logging system.

Additional objects and advantages of the invention will appear from following detailed descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which the single figure is a schematic diagram of an electrical system illustrating the principles of the invention.

Referring to the drawing, the reference characters l, 2, and 3 designate conductors of a three conductor cable having a metallic armor. The armor is not shown in the drawing but it will be understood that it serves as a suitable ground for all equipment in the well bore and the various grounds in the borehole are represented by the character 4. The cable is trained over a sheave (not shown) at the surface of the ground and wound upon a reel (not shown) in the customary manner. One of the conductors of the cable, such as conductor I, may be provided with means at its upper end for connecting it to a source of 400 cycle alternating current 5, which is used for resistivity logging, as will presently be explained. At its lower end, the cable is provided with a housing containing all the subsurface equipment including eight insulated electrodes designated 6, I, 8, 9, III, II, I2, and I3 which are on the outside of the housing so as to make electrical contact with the formation through the borehole fluid. Thus all of the electrodes are supported on the cable and are lowered into the well bore thereby. All of. the subsurface equipment is shown beneath the dashed line on the drawing while the surface equipment is shown above the dashed line.

The 400 cycle source of power 5 is soarranged that it supplies a constant current to equipment in the borehole. One side is grounded at the surface as shownat I9. It is contemplated that two grounds, spaced some distance apart, will be used for the surface equipment, one of which may be an electrode placed in'the slush pit of the well. On the drawing this ground isdesig nated I9. The circuit for the source 5 is completed through condenser I5, switch I4 when closed to its left contact, conductor I, the primaries of transformer I6 and H, the condenser I8 and back to ground at 4.

The transformer-I6, through suitable apparatus Ifia, supplies plate voltage for the amplifying vacuum tubes in the borehole and also furnishes a source of filament voltage for the tubes, but the circuits for the filaments are notshown, being well known and formingno part, per se, of the present invention.

The transformer I'I, when the .400 cycle source 5 is in circuit constitutes means utilizing one or more current electrodes for creatingan alternating current electric fieldin the formation. As shown the secondary of the transformer I7 is connected to theelectrodes .6 and 950 that .400 cycle alternating current flowing in conductor I establishes analternating current electric field in the formation betweenelectrodes Sand .9. In the making of the resistivity curves with the arrangement illustrated, bothcurrent electrodes 6 and 9 are always used, However, as -is well known, resistivity curves can be made with only one current electrode in the borehole and the invention is not limited to the particular electrode configuration illustrated.

At the same time that cycle alternating current is flowing downconductor I, direct current may flow in it.to transmit a natural earth potential signal to the surface of the ground. To this end a measuringcircuit 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, is provided at the surface, one side of which is grounded at Illa, while the other side is connected to conductor I and the electrode I in the borehole is connected to the conductor I above the D. C. blocking condenser l8. Direct current flowing from electrode I to ground electrode I9a is proportional to the spontaneous earth potential or natural earth potential and is independent of the alternatingcurrent field establishedbetween electrodes-.6 and9. The condenser Ia confines the natural earth potentialto the proper circuit. At the surface this D. C. potential is blocked from the circuit. of the source .5-by means of condenser I5.

In the subsurfaceequipment the alternating current from source is blocked from electrode 1 by means of a filter section consisting. of series ground through conductor 30f thecable.

chokes 20 and 20a, the common terminals of which are grounded through a condenser 2|. The natural or spontaneous earth potential is separated from the alternating current at the surface by a filter consisting of the chokes 22 and 23 and the condenser 24. The spontaneous earth potential ,is recorded directly,by. means of galvanometer 25 and is calibrated by potentiometer 26.

For making resistivity curves, four electrode systems are illustrated although as indicated above, the invention is not limited to that number or to the configuration shown. The electrodes 6 and 9 are current electrodes. The others are potential or probe electrodes. They determine or measure the alternating current voltages between separate sets of points in the alternating current electric field created by the current flow between electrodes 6 and 9. Ordinarily, two resistivity curves are made at a time, although it is possibleto make three if no natural potential curve is made and'if additional equipment is provided.

Associated with the electrodes in theborenoie are four single pole, multiple throw sw tches designated 21, 28, 29, andfJ-IJ. Each has four buttons designated a, b, c, and d an fill are actuated in unison. As showninFig. 1 the first set of probes consist of electrodes -I'and'8. ,TheA. 'C. voltage across probe electrodes I and '8 passes through switches 21 and 28 when their blades engage buttons 0 and the system causes a: direct current signal responsive to variations in that alternating current voltage to be transmitted to the surface overpconductor 2 of the cable at a level sufiiciently high to bemeasured.

Simultaneously, while the switches 21 and 28 are engaging their buttons 0 to transmit a signal from 'probeelectrodes I and8, switches ,29 and 3 0 are engaging their buttons c so that the system causes a directcurrent signal responsive to variations, in A. C. voltage across probe electrodes I2 and I3 to.be,transmitted to thesurface of the h se signals are transmitted simultaneously. They are independent from. eachother and independ.- ent from the natural. potential signal which may be .being transmitted over conductor .I at the same time. a

Each pair of switches haslitsown system for amplifying, rectifyingandtransmitting a signal to the conductor of the cable with which it associated. Thus, theblades of switches 21 and 28, are. connected to-theprimary of atransformer 3|, where the voltage is stepped .up and fed .by the secondary into a. voltage and power amplifier 32 of the conventional type. The output circuit of the power amplifier is connected to the primary of a transformer 33,,the1secondary of which is connected to a .full waverectifier 34 which impresses thesignal, now D..C., ontothe conductor 2, througha'filtersystem whichincludes the condenser 35, theload resistor Biand thechoke coil choke 41, a potentiometer 48 and a galvanometer 49. Likewise, the signal coming up over the conductor 3 is fed to a circuit which includes a filter consisting of chokes 50 and 5| and a condenser 52, a potentiometer 53 and a galvanometer 54. These measuring circuits, like that for the natural potential signal, are, of course, of the recording type.

Since there is a considerable amount of mutual induction and capacity between conductors in the cable, a certain amount of the alternating current voltage on the conductor I will be coupled to conductors 2 and 3 by means of capacity and induction. In order to separate the D. C. signals from the undesirable induced A. C. voltages the filter sections are necessary. The D. C. signals transmitted over conductors I, 2, and 3 may be calibrated by means of potentiometers 26, 48, and 53.

In order for the system to be successful it is necessary that the three D. C. signals being transmitted up their respective conductors not be modified or altered in any significant manner. There are three cable characteristics which alter the signals appreciably while they are being transmitted to the surface, unless special precautions are taken. The cable characteristics affecting the signals are (1) mutual induction, (2) capacity between conductors, and (3) leakage resistance to ground.

The interaction between the three transmitted signals due to mutual induction will be pro-.

portional to the rate of change of D. C. currents with respect to time. According to the present invention, this interaction is held at an unobjectional value by: (1) keeping the relative magnitudes of the three transmitted signals of nearly the same magnitude or as close to unity as possible; (2) introducing a time constant into the current built up in each circuit by means of the input filters 3536-31; 4243-44 and -2l; (3) traversing the formations in the borehole at a speed which is compatible with the signal voltages and with the time constants of the transmission circuits and at the same time preventing an objectionable amount of interference between conductors due to their mutual induction; (4) if necessary, causing the D. C. current transmitted on conductor 2 to be in the opposite direction to that transmitted on conductor 3. This is accomplished by reversing the anode and cathode rectifier connections in the two transmitting systems. Such a procedure will result in D. C. currents flowing in conductors 2 and 3 with reverse magnetizing characteristics. Their maximum combined effect on conductor I will be at a minimum under this condition. Such a procedure might be advantageous in formations where the range of signal values from the resistivity measuring probes far exceed the signal range from the spontaneous potential which is transmitted on conductor I. Using reversed direction D. C. signals on conductors 2 and 3 will also reduce the amount of magnetizing current on the cable winch and associated equipment which is advantageous.

The capacity interaction from one conductor to another is proportional to (de/dt) the rate of change of voltage with respect to time existing on each conductor. The solution to the problem of eliminating the eifects of capacity interaction is found in keeping the D. C. or low frequency terminating impedance at an exceedingly low value in the surface equipment. For example, the D. C. resistance or low frequency impedance of conductor 2, plus the combined se ries resistance of choke 45 and galvanometer 49, is designed not to exceed a relatively low value, say 300 ohms. This low impedance serves to keep the D. C. voltage between conductors and ground at an exceedingly low value, which means that there is very little voltage on the cable available for interaction. The low frequency impedance of the terminating networks is also very small in comparison to the impedance of the coupling capacity between conductors at low frequencies. Consequently, only .an infinitesimally small portion of the already small voltage appearing on the cable is coupled from one circuit to another. In order to maintain a low impedance terminating network at the surface, the necessary rectifier load impedance for the resistivity curves is maintained in the subsurface equipment in the form of resistors 36 and 42. If the low frequency terminating impedance at the surface were high and equal in magnitude to the value of the low frequency capacity impedance between conductors, the system would be inoperative, as it would not only increase the magnitude of the D. C. voltages existing on the various conductors, but would also cause approximately 50% of the voltage existing on one conductor to be coupled into the adjacent conductors.

The problem of leakage resistance to ground is also overcome by providing the surface equipment with low impedance values and the subsurface equipment with high impedance values for the slow changing D. C. transmitted signals. Thus, a substantially constant current arrangement may be provided which reduces the effects of cable leakage until they are unobjectionable. For example, in a. constant current network, a 30,000 ohm leakage shunt across a 300 ohm resistance will cause a loss in voltage or current of approximately 1%. Under the same conditions a 30,000 ohm leakage across a 30,000 ohm resistance will cause a loss in voltage of 50%. From this example the advantages of a low impedance network are obvious. It is relatively easy to maintain leakage values around 30,000 ohm. However, it is extremely difiicult, if not impossible under some conditions, to maintain leakage values in excess of A megohm or 1 megohm which would be necessary if customary high impedance terminating circuits were used. In the system shown this result is obtained by setting the resistors 36 and 42 at high values compared with the surface equipment.

In order to make several resistivity curves with electrode arrangements of diiferent configurations and still keep down the number of conductors in the cable, in accordance with the present invention it is proposed to make two logs or curves while the apparatus is being lowered into the well and two while it is coming out, an arrangement being provided for switching from one configuration to another at will. A source of cycle current and. a source of direct current are employed in switching .over and these are connected in circuit with two of the conductors of the cable, conductors l and 2 being used in the circuit shown in the drawing. The condensers l5 and [8 associated with conductor I, as well as other elements of the circuits, may have such characteristics as to pass 400 cycle current but not 60 cycle current or direct current. While switching over, relay or control circuits may be employed which pass 60 cycle current but not 400 cycle current. Such selective arrangements agent-gorse are kno'wnin the art'but have-never-heretofore been'employedlin the manner :herein setzforth.

. :Accordi'ngly, .by 'means of a solenoid step-bystep. switchilocated tin theisub+surface housing itisapossible .to. switch theprobe electrodes connected toswitches 21,-:28,=29,-and-30. This switching. over is accomplished by remote control from the :surface. *Switch I4 lis placed in its right handiposition. ThiscOnnectsa BO cycle source of power 55 toccnductor I-througha D: C.-.blo,ckingicondenserifi. 2A 60 cyclerelay'51 inethe borehole :is thus energized, being. ;then: in qcircuit through condenser1-58. i With relay =5'lvenergized, contact-r5 9 is'. closed: and solenoid: 6 0; is connected directly across conductors; I and' 2. ,::With the solenoid 60' connectedacross conductors 'I and 2, a D. C. "switching voltagefrom "a'battery: 6 I .is placed across conductors I and r 2 momentarily byzmean rof switch-62. The switch-:Blis then released. Each time this: .D; C. :switchingxvoltage1is=applied 'by closingswitch': 62, the various switches "21, 28, 29, andctfl-pareiadvanced' one step; in :synchronism, the .solenoid: 60.:each time actuating'an armaturez63 to turn a ratchet wheel 64' one quarter turn. The whee1y64 is mechanically connected to the blades of the switches-21, 28, -29, and--30 as diagrammatically illustrated by the dashed lines 65 of the drawing.

The use of direct current forswitching is only possiblepbecause two conductors are being used and: the net "magnetizing effect of' the D. C. -,is zero. The system :would' beinoperative if :only one conductor-wereusedfor; this direct current, because the-equipment would become-highly magnetized and-result in magnetic-noisesf? and disturbances of a ve ry undesirable-nature -from a commercial standpoint.

With the switches 21; 28,19, and. 3 [Lin ,position a, the primaries of transformers 3 I ;.and,- ,38 -.are shorted. :That is, both resistivity; signahchannels arefshorted. This, of course, -means,.- gero jsignal input and-the galvanometerslil and54. rat the surfacecan be set at their zero referencelline. With the switch 'inposition b, a calibration signal which simulates orrepresents-a dfinitevalueof formation resistivity is 1 placed-on the L-,two resistiv-ity signal. channels by .means of the voltage dropfac'ross a resistor'efifi. Thegalvanometers fifi and 54 can thenbeic'alibrated as desired byrneans of: potentiometers 1'48 and 53. ,-In. position (2,, the switches are. connected to, probe electrodes 1,; 8, I2, and [3 for determining the electric fieldsetpp in the formation, as described. above.: i In position at the, switches are-connected toalternate sets tr probe electrodes for determining effectsiofthe same field with different electrode configuration, electrodes I 0 and I3being one set. and connected to switches 27 and '28and electrodesQI I and',.l3 being'the other setv and connected to switches 29 and .30. Of course, otherknown configurations, couldbej'employed.

'Thus'it is seen that with one roul itrip' in the 'hole,two' sets ofcurves may be obtained. f; By employing an additional system for amplifying and'rectifying; three resistivityficurves ,c'an 'be m'adegasone -"set"ofgcurves. On the-other hand, as illustrated, one setgmay; contain a spontaneous potential curve' and two resistivitycurves "of a givenwspacing whilethe second set may contain a spontaneouspotential curve a-nd two resistivity curves differing in their penetration characteristicsfrom the first set. In such-an arrangement as illustrated, the -spontaneous -potential'-curve, being" common to both sets of curves; maybe-used forcorrelating thetwo'sets of resistivity curves.

.It. will-be ,apparent that :by :making vsuitable changes inthe circuits, the signal for the natural earth potential curve m'ay be transmitted to the surface of the ground overieitherconductor, 2.0r conductor 3 of the cable while ,one'of .the signals forthe resistivity. curves is beingztransmitted over conductor I. Moreovensignals indicative of other subjects of interest, such as temperature, pressure, hole diameter etc. may be transmittedby the system; instead: of those indicative. of natural. potential .or :resistivity. It .will :be .obvious that through the. use of alcable having morethan three conductors, more/signals can .be transmitted. Accordingly, .the: expression, *ia. cable 1 havinglthree conductors, as usedthroughout this specification and in: the appendedclaimsis not to. be taken as a: limitation'to three sconductors only,v and is .to be understood..a embracing. systems employing cables having more than three conductors, of which/three or more are .used in accordance with the. principles of this invention.

i=While'.only one embodiment of theinvention has been shownandcdescribed herein, other arrangements may obviously-be provided without departing from the spiritof the invention or the scope of the claims.

'l.wAppar atus for electrically logging oil wells or the like comprising, in combination, a cable having three conductors, at least one current electrode supported onsaid cable to be lowered into. a well borethereby, a source of alternating current at the surface of the ground together with means'for connecting it to one of the conductors of said cable whereby alternating current may be transmitted through the cable, means utilizing said current electrode for creatingan alternating field in;a formation "adjacentthe wellibo rala plurality of'probe electrodes also 's upported on said cable for determining alternating current voltages at vari ous points in the fieldso created, a systemforamplifying and rectifying the voltages impressed upon said probe electrodes and folf impressing separately the resultant direct current voltages upon certainconductors of said cable wherebysignals responsive to Variations in the voltages may be transmitted simultaneously and independently to the surface of the ground and circuits at the surface of -thef groundfor recording-the direct current signal voltages.

2. Theapparatus definedin claim lin combination with; a system'for transmitting and recording a direct current voltagedirectly from one of said probe electrode through the conductor of thecable to which the source of alternating current isconnected andin which said circuits at the surface of the ground are of low impedance compared to the capacity impedance between the conductors of said -cable, --wherebya natural potential; log maybe obtained simultaneouslyiwith the .recording-ofsaiddirect current signal voltages.

i 3. Apparatus for'electrically logging oil wells orfthezlike comprising, in combination, a cable having three conductors, two current electrodes supported on said cable to be lowered into a well bore thereby, a:source of-alternating current at the surface oftheground, onepole of which is grounded at the surface; and the-other pole of which is connect'edto one of theconductors of said-cable whereby- -alterriating current may; be transmitted throughthe cable and supplied to saidcurrent electrodes thereby creating an alternating field in a. formationadjacent saidcurrent electrodes, two. pairs of probe electrodes alsosupported on said cable for determining alternating current voltages at two points in the field so created, systems for amplifying and rectifying the voltages existing between the pairs of probe electrodes and for impressing separately the resultant direct current voltages upon the other two conductors of said cable whereby two signals responsive to variations in the voltages may be transmitted simultaneously and independently to the surface of the ground and circuits at the surface of the ground for recording the direct current signal voltages.

4. The apparatus defined in claim 3 in combination with a system for transmitting and recording a direct current voltage directly from one of said probe electrodes through the conductor of the cable to which the source of alternating current is connected and in which said circuits at the surface of the ground are of low impedance compared to the capacity impedance between the conductors of said cable whereby a natural potential log may be obtained simultaneously with the recording of said direct current signal voltages.

5. Apparatus for electrically logging oil wells or the like comprising, in combination, a cable having three conductors, at least one current electrode supported on said cable to be lowered into a well bore thereby, a source of alternating current at the surface of the ground together with means for connecting it to one of the conductors of said cable whereby alternating current may be transmitted through the cable, means utilizing said current electrode for creating an alternating field in a formation adjacent the well bore, a plurality of probe electrodes also supported on said cable for determining alternating current voltages at various points in the field so created, two independent systems for amplifying and rectifying alternating current voltages and separately impressing the resultant direct current signal voltages upon the other two conductors of the cable, a switching system operable by manipulations at the surface of the ground for selectively connecting certain of said probe electrodes to said amplifying and rectifying systems and circuits at the surface of the ground for recording the direct current signal voltages.

6. The apparatus defined in claim 5 in combination with a system for transmitting and recording means a direct current voltage directly from one of said probe electrodes through the conductor of the cable to which the source of alternating current is connected and in which said circuits at the surface of the ground are of low impedance compared to the capacity impedance between the conductors of said cable whereby a natural potential log may be obtained simultaneously with the recording of said direct current signal voltages.

'7. The apparatus defined in claim 5 in which said switching system includes an alternating current source at the surface of the ground of a different frequency than said first mentioned source of alternating current together with means by which said second mentioned source of alternating current may be alternately connected at will to the same conductor of said cable which normall is connected to said first mentioned alternating current source, a source of direct current at the surface of the ground together with means by which said direct current source may be connected at will to one of the other conductors of said cable, and a relay and a solenoid located in the borehole and carried by'said cable,

10 said relay being operated by said second mentioned alternating current source to connect said solenoid in circuit with the conductor of the cable to which said direct current source may be connected whereby said solenoid may be actuated by said direct current source.

8. Apparatus for electrically logging oil wells or the like comprising, in combination, a cable having three conductors, at least one current electrode supported on said cable to be lowered into a well bore thereby, a source of alternating current at the surface of the ground together with means for connecting it to one of the conductors of said cable whereby alternating current may be transmitted through the cable, means utilizing said current electrode for creating an alternating field in a formation adjacent the well bore, a plurality of probe electrodes also supported on said cable for determining alternating current voltages at various points in the field so created, two independent systems, each connected to certain of said probe electrodes, for amplifying and rectifying the alternating urrent voltages impressed on the probe electrodes and separately impressing the resultant direct current signal voltages upon the other two conductors of the cable, the polarity of the signal voltages upon said two conductors being opposite, and circuits at the surface of the ground for recording the direct current signal voltages.

9. Apparatus for electrically logging oil wells or the like comprising, in combination, a cable having three conductors, at least one current electrode supported on said cable to be lowered into a well bore thereby, a source of alternating current at the surface of the ground together with means for connecting it to one of the conductors of said cable whereby alternating current may be transmitted through the cable, means utilizing said current electrode for creating an alternating field in a formation adjacent the well bore, a plurality of probe electrodes also supported on said cable for determining alternating current voltages at various points in the field so created, two independent systems for amplifying and rectifying alternating current voltages and separately impressing the resultant direct current signal voltages upon the other two conductors of the cable, a switching system operable by manipulations at the surface of the ground for selectively connecting certain of said probe electrodes to said amplifying and rectifying systems and circuits at the surface of the ground for recording the direct current signal voltages, said switching system including means whereby said amplifying and rectifying systems may be shorted for purposes of calibration of said recording circuits.

10. Apparatus for electrically logging oil wells or the like comprising, in combination, a cable having three conductors, at least one current electrode supported on said cable to be lowered into a well bore thereby, a source of alternating current at the surface of the ground together with means for connecting it to one of the conductors of said cable whereby alternating current may be transmitted through the cable, means utilizing said current electrode for creating an alternating field in a formation adjacent the Well bore, a plurality of probe electrodes also supported on said cable for determining alternating current voltages at various points in the held so created, two independent systems for amplifying and rectifying alternating current voltages and separately impressing the resultant direct current signal voltages upon the othertwo conductors' of the cable, a switching, system-operable by manipulations at the surface of r the round for selectively connecting certainof said probe electrodes to said amplifying and rectifying systems an'd'circuit's at the surface ofthe ground for recording the direct currentsignal voltages, said switching. system including means whereby said' amplifying andrectifying systems may be shorted and means whereby known alternating currentvolta'ges may be impressedilupon the inputsthereof for purposes of calibrationmof saidrecording circuits.

11. Apparatusrfor electrically. loggingtoillrwells or the'like; comprising, in combination, .a: cable having three conductors, equipment mounted on said'c'able to be lowered into the welllthereby, a source of alternating. current at thensurface of the ground together with means for connectingit to one of the conductorsiofi'the cable wherebyab ternating current may be transmitted through thecable to said equipment, .a signal'system vfor transmitting" direct current'voltage from an-el'ecr trode constituting .part of'said'equipment through a conductor of said cable whereby a natural earth potentialloglmay be obtained and two additional signal systemsfor transmittingfother direct'cu'rrent'volt'a'ges from said'equipm'entto the surface of the ground over the other two conductors of said cable, each of said'ladditional signal'systems having a circuit'at the surface ofvthe groundlof low impedance compared to the capacity impedance betweenthe conductors of said cable whereby two direct current signals indicative of 1-2 subjects of interest other than natural-earth potentialmay be recorded simultaneously. with the recordingof thetnatura-l earth potential log.

12'. Apparatus.fortelectrically logging oil wells or. the like,- comprising,'in'combinationi a cable havingthree-conductors, equipment mounted on said-cableto be lowered into the well thereby, a source of alternating current at the surface of the ground together with means for connecting it to one of the conductors of said cable whereby alternating, current maybe transmitted to said equipment, a rectifier for converting part: of said alternating current into directcurrent; three signal systems 1 for: separately transmitting direct currentvoltages overlthe three conductors of the cable; one of' said direct current voltages being created by said rectifier andit-hreecircuits at the surface of the ground for recording v said signals whereby-three subjects ofzinterestin thewell bore may beinvestigatedv simultaneously.

CLAY WATERS:

REFERENCES CITED 1 The following. references are of record in the file of this patent:

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